CBM47 - Revision history

Kurt Drickamer: /* Biosynthesis of ligands */

2011-10-29T12:07:20Z

Biosynthesis of ligands

Kurt Drickamer: /* Biosynthesis of ligands */

2011-10-09T09:11:37Z

Biosynthesis of ligands

Carole Weaver at 21:11, 13 September 2011

2011-09-13T21:11:23Z

Carole Weaver: /* Glycogene microarray */

2011-03-30T23:20:55Z

Glycogene microarray

Carole Weaver: /* Glycogene microarray */

2011-03-28T19:09:21Z

Glycogene microarray

Carole Weaver: /* Knockout mouse lines */

2011-03-21T19:52:25Z

Knockout mouse lines

Carole Weaver: /* Progress toward understanding this GBP paradigm */

2010-08-06T17:40:04Z

Progress toward understanding this GBP paradigm

Carole Weaver: /* Glycan array */

2010-07-07T23:39:56Z

Glycan array

Alisdair Boraston: /* Related GBPs */

2010-06-28T22:44:17Z

Related GBPs

Alisdair Boraston: /* Related GBPs */

2010-06-28T22:43:59Z

Related GBPs

@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 <br>
 === Biosynthesis of ligands ===
-Lewis Y synthesis requires the addition of both &alpha;1-2 fucose to the terminal galactose residue and &alpha;1-3 fucose to the sub-terminal GlcNAc residue on a type 2 chain. Addition of the &alpha;1-2 fucose can be catalyzed by fucosyltransferases FUT1 [http://www.functionalglycomics.org/glycomics/molecule/jsp/glycoEnzyme/viewGlycoEnzyme.jsp?gbpId=gt_hum_598&sideMenu=true&pageType=general] and FUT2 [http://www.functionalglycomics.org/glycomics/molecule/jsp/glycoEnzyme/viewGlycoEnzyme.jsp?gbpId=gt_hum_599&sideMenu=true&pageType=general], while additon of the &alpha;1-3 fucose can be catalyzed by FUT4 [http://www.functionalglycomics.org/glycomics/molecule/jsp/glycoEnzyme/viewGlycoEnzyme.jsp?gbpId=gt_hum_601&sideMenu=true&pageType=general] and FUT9 [http://www.functionalglycomics.org/glycomics/molecule/jsp/glycoEnzyme/viewGlycoEnzyme.jsp?gbpId=gt_hum_606&sideMenu=true&pageType=general]. In lung adenocarcinomas, the FUT1 and FUT4 enzymes are primarily responsible for Lewis Y synthesis.<ref>Yang, X, Zhang, Z, Jia, S, Liu, T Wang X, and Yan, Q (2007) Overexpression of fucosyltransferase IV in A431 cell line increases cell proliferation. <i>Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol.</i> <b>39</b>, 1722–1730</ref>
+Lewis Y synthesis requires the addition of both &alpha;1-2 fucose to the terminal galactose residue and &alpha;1-3 fucose to the sub-terminal GlcNAc residue on a type 2 chain. Addition of the &alpha;1-2 fucose can be catalyzed by fucosyltransferases FUT1 [http://www.functionalglycomics.org/glycomics/molecule/jsp/glycoEnzyme/viewGlycoEnzyme.jsp?gbpId=gt_hum_598&sideMenu=true&pageType=general] and FUT2 [http://www.functionalglycomics.org/glycomics/molecule/jsp/glycoEnzyme/viewGlycoEnzyme.jsp?gbpId=gt_hum_599&sideMenu=true&pageType=general], while addition of the &alpha;1-3 fucose can be catalyzed by FUT4 [http://www.functionalglycomics.org/glycomics/molecule/jsp/glycoEnzyme/viewGlycoEnzyme.jsp?gbpId=gt_hum_601&sideMenu=true&pageType=general] and FUT9 [http://www.functionalglycomics.org/glycomics/molecule/jsp/glycoEnzyme/viewGlycoEnzyme.jsp?gbpId=gt_hum_606&sideMenu=true&pageType=general]. In lung adenocarcinomas, the FUT1 and FUT4 enzymes are primarily responsible for Lewis Y synthesis.<ref>Yang, X, Zhang, Z, Jia, S, Liu, T Wang X, and Yan, Q (2007) Overexpression of fucosyltransferase IV in A431 cell line increases cell proliferation. <i>Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol.</i> <b>39</b>, 1722–1730</ref>
 <br>

@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 <br>
 === Biosynthesis of ligands ===
 === Structure ===

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-Enzymes that degrade host glycans are increasingly being found as virulence factors in pathogenic bacteria<ref>Shelburne, S. A., Davenport, M. T., Keith, D. B. & Musser, J. M. (2008). The role of complex carbohydrate catabolism in the pathogenesis of invasive streptococci. Trends Microbiol 16, 318-25.</ref><ref name="Hava 16">Hava, D. L. & Camilli, A. (2002). Large-scale identification of serotype 4 Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence factors. Mol Microbiol 45, 1389-406.</ref>. A common property of extracellular glycan degrading enzymes found in such bacteria is multi-modularity; these enzymes often comprise a large number of modules with a variety of functions. The most common class of ancillary module are carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs)<ref>Boraston, A. B., Bolam, D. N., Gilbert, H. J. & Davies, G. J. (2004). Carbohydrate-binding modules: fine tuning polysaccharide recognition. Biochem J 382, 769-782.</ref>, which are alternatively referred to as lectin-domains. These modules are responsible for targeting carbohydrate-degrading enzymes to a glycan substrate or, when the enzymes are attached to the bacterial cell-surface, likely also function to adhere the bacterium to a glycan<ref>Ficko-Blean, E., Gregg, K. J., Adams, J. J., Hehemann, J. H., Czjzek, M., Smith, S. P. & Boraston, A. B. (2009). Portrait of an enzyme, a complete structural analysis of a multimodular {beta}-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Clostridium perfringens. J Biol Chem 284, 9876-84.</ref>. The presence of these lectin-domains in multi-modular proteins and their contribution of glycan binding function to catalytically active proteins distinguishes these modules from other bacterial glycan-binding proteins (GBPs). The CBM47 modules from the ''Streptococcus pneumoniae'' enzyme SpGH98 (or "fucolectin-related protein") are specific to the Lewis<sup>y</sup> antigen<ref name ="Boraston 2006">Boraston, A. B., Wang, D. & Burke, R. D. (2006). Blood group antigen recognition by a Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence factor. J Biol Chem 281, 35263-35271.</ref>, which is quite rare among all GBPs, and function to target this enzyme to this antigen when present on epithelial cells<ref>Higgins, M. A., Whitworth, G. E., El Warry, N., Randriantsoa, M., Samain, E., Burke, R. D., Vocadlo, D. J. & Boraston, A. B. (2009). Differential recognition and hydrolysis of host carbohydrate antigens by Streptococcus pneumoniae family 98 glycoside hydrolases. J Biol Chem 284, 26161-73.</ref>. Recognition and destruction of this antigen appears to be a critical process in pneumococcal virulence<ref name="Hava 16"/><ref>Embry, A., Hinojosa, E. & Orihuela, C. J. (2007). Regions of Diversity 8, 9 and 13 contribute to Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence. BMC Microbiol 7, 80.</ref>.
+Enzymes that degrade host glycans are increasingly being found as virulence factors in pathogenic bacteria<ref>Shelburne, S. A., Davenport, M. T., Keith, D. B. & Musser, J. M. (2008). The role of complex carbohydrate catabolism in the pathogenesis of invasive streptococci. Trends Microbiol 16, 318-25.</ref><ref name="Hava 16">Hava, D. L. & Camilli, A. (2002). Large-scale identification of serotype 4 Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence factors. Mol Microbiol 45, 1389-406.</ref>. A common property of extracellular glycan degrading enzymes found in such bacteria is multi-modularity; these enzymes often comprise a large number of modules with a variety of functions. The most common class of ancillary module are carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs)<ref>Boraston, A. B., Bolam, D. N., Gilbert, H. J. & Davies, G. J. (2004). Carbohydrate-binding modules: fine tuning polysaccharide recognition. Biochem J 382, 769-782.</ref>, which are alternatively referred to as lectin-domains. These modules are responsible for targeting carbohydrate-degrading enzymes to a glycan substrate or, when the enzymes are attached to the bacterial cell-surface, likely also function to adhere the bacterium to a glycan<ref>Ficko-Blean, E., Gregg, K. J., Adams, J. J., Hehemann, J. H., Czjzek, M., Smith, S. P. & Boraston, A. B. (2009). Portrait of an enzyme, a complete structural analysis of a multimodular {beta}-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Clostridium perfringens. J Biol Chem 284, 9876-84.</ref>. The presence of these lectin-domains in multi-modular proteins and their contribution of glycan binding function to catalytically active proteins distinguishes these modules from other bacterial glycan-binding proteins (GBPs). The CBM47 modules from the ''Streptococcus pneumoniae'' enzyme SpGH98 (or "fucolectin-related protein") are specific to the Lewis<sup>y</sup> antigen<ref name ="Boraston 2006">Boraston, A. B., Wang, D. & Burke, R. D. (2006). Blood group antigen recognition by a Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence factor. J Biol Chem 281, 35263-35271.</ref>, which is quite rare among all GBPs, and function to target this enzyme to this antigen when present on epithelial cells<ref name="Higgins 2009">Higgins, M. A., Whitworth, G. E., El Warry, N., Randriantsoa, M., Samain, E., Burke, R. D., Vocadlo, D. J. & Boraston, A. B. (2009). Differential recognition and hydrolysis of host carbohydrate antigens by Streptococcus pneumoniae family 98 glycoside hydrolases. J Biol Chem 284, 26161-73.</ref>. Recognition and destruction of this antigen appears to be a critical process in pneumococcal virulence<ref name="Hava 16"/><ref name="Embry 2007">Embry, A., Hinojosa, E. & Orihuela, C. J. (2007). Regions of Diversity 8, 9 and 13 contribute to Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence. BMC Microbiol 7, 80.</ref>.
 == CFG Participating Investigators contributing to the understanding of this paradigm ==
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 == Progress toward understanding this GBP paradigm ==
 This section documents what is currently known about CBM47, its carbohydrate ligand(s), and how they interact to mediate cell communication.
 === Carbohydrate ligands ===
 CBM47 is a fucose specific binding module that is related to ''Anguilla anguilla'' fucolectin. The high affinity ligand for CBM47 has been determined from glycan microarray screening on the CFG microarray[http://www.functionalglycomics.org/glycomics/HServlet?operation=view&sideMenu=no&psId=primscreen_GLYCAN_v3_34_08192004#]to be Fucα1-2Galβ1-4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAc [Lewis <sup>y</sup>]<ref name="Boraston 2006"/>.
@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 === Cellular expression of GBP and ligands ===
+The CBM47 modules from the ''Streptococcus pneumoniae'' enzyme SpGH98 (or "fucolectin-related protein") are specific to the Lewis<sup>y</sup> antigen<ref name="Boraston 2006"/>, which is quite rare among all GBPs, and function to target this enzyme to this antigen when present on epithelial cells<ref name="Higgins 2009"/>.
 <br>
 === Biosynthesis of ligands ===
@@ Line 34: / Line 34: @@
 The primary role of CBM47, and indeed other CBMs found in carbohydrate-active enzymes, is to direct the entire enzyme to its glycan substrate. However, CBMs found in carbohydrate-active enzymes attached to microbial cell surfaces may also play a role in the adhesion of the bacterium to host glycan-bearing tissues.
 <br>
 == CFG resources used in investigations ==

@@ Line 42: / Line 42: @@
 <br>
 === Glycogene microarray ===
-Not applicable, as the microarrays only contain probes for mouse and human glycogenes.
+CBM47 is not represented on the CFG microarrays, which only contain probes for mouse and human glycogenes.
 <br>

@@ Line 42: / Line 42: @@
 <br>
 === Glycogene microarray ===
 === Knockout mouse lines ===
 Not applicable.

@@ Line 45: / Line 45: @@
 <br>
 === Knockout mouse lines ===
 === Glycan array ===
 The specificity of several CBMs have been investigated by CFG glycan array analysis (click [http://www.functionalglycomics.org/glycomics/HServlet?operation=view&sideMenu=no&psId=primscreen_1831 here] for example). Isolated glycans for structural and quantitative binding studies have also been obtained from the CFG.

@@ Line 48: / Line 48: @@
 <br>
 === Glycan array ===
-The specificity of several CBMs have been investigated by CFG glycan array analysis ([http://www.functionalglycomics.org/glycomics/HServlet?operation=view&sideMenu=no&psId=primscreen_1831 example]). Isolated glycans for structural and quantitative binding studies have also been obtained from the CFG.
+The specificity of several CBMs have been investigated by CFG glycan array analysis (click [http://www.functionalglycomics.org/glycomics/HServlet?operation=view&sideMenu=no&psId=primscreen_1831 here] for example). Isolated glycans for structural and quantitative binding studies have also been obtained from the CFG.
 == Related GBPs ==

@@ Line 52: / Line 52: @@
 == Related GBPs ==
-There are presently over 55 families of CBMs that are defined on the basis of sequence similarity; however, the majority of these CBMs families contain members specific for plant cell wall polysaccharides. CFG resources have been instrumental in studying the subset of CBMs that recognize complex glycans. In addition to CBM47 there are a number of CBMs belonging to family 32 and 51 that share the property of binding complex glycans. Though unrelated at the amino acid sequence level CBMs in families 32, 47, and 51 are structurally related and functionally related. It is important to note, however, that the diversity of complex glycan binding among these family members is considerable and only coming to light through glycan array screening. The availability of purfied glycans is facilitating structural and quantitative studies of glycan binding by CBMs in families 32, 47, and 51.
+There are presently over 55 families of CBMs that are defined on the basis of amino acid sequence similarity; however, the majority of these CBMs families contain members specific for plant cell wall polysaccharides. CFG resources have been instrumental in studying the subset of CBMs that recognize complex glycans. In addition to CBM47 there are a number of CBMs belonging to family 32 and 51 that share the property of binding complex glycans. Though unrelated at the amino acid sequence level CBMs in families 32, 47, and 51 are structurally related and functionally related. It is important to note, however, that the diversity of complex glycan binding among these family members is considerable and only coming to light through glycan array screening. The availability of purfied glycans is facilitating structural and quantitative studies of glycan binding by CBMs in families 32, 47, and 51.
 == References ==

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:43, 28 June 2010
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	== Related GBPs ==		== Related GBPs ==

		+	There are presently over 55 families of CBMs that are defined on the basis of sequence similarity; however, the majority of these CBMs families contain members specific for plant cell wall polysaccharides. CFG resources have been instrumental in studying the subset of CBMs that recognize complex glycans. In addition to CBM47 there are a number of CBMs belonging to family 32 and 51 that share the property of binding complex glycans. Though unrelated at the amino acid sequence level CBMs in families 32, 47, and 51 are structurally related and functionally related. It is important to note, however, that the diversity of complex glycan binding among these family members is considerable and only coming to light through glycan array screening. The availability of purfied glycans is facilitating structural and quantitative studies of glycan binding by CBMs in families 32, 47, and 51.

	== References ==		== References ==